Nama : Febri Fitri Yani
Kelas : 3EB18
NPM : 23213354
STRUCTURE
AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION
SKILL 1 : SUBJECTS AND
VERBS
You know that a
sentence in English should have a subject and a verb. The most common types of
problems that you will encounter in the Structure section of the TOEFL test are
related to subjects and verbs; perhaps the sentence is missing either the
subject, or the verb, or both; perhaps the sentence has an extra subject or
verb.
Example I
_____ was
ringing continuously for hours.
(A)
Loudly
(B)
In the morning
(C) The phone
(D)
The bells
In this example, you
should notice immediately that there is a verb, was ringing, but there is no subject. Answer (C) is the best answer
because it is a singular subject that agrees with the singular verb was ringing. Answer (A), loudly, and answer (B), in the morning, are not subjects, so
they are not correct. Although answer (D), bells,
could be a subject, it is not correct because bells is plural and it does not agree with the singular verb was ringing.
Example II
Newspapers
____ every morning and every evening.
(A) delivery
(B) are delivered
(C) on
time
(D)
regularly
In this example, you
should notice immediately that the sentence has a subject, newspapers, but that there is no verb. Because answer (B), are delivered, is a verb, it is the best
answer. Answer (A), (C), and (D) are not verbs, so they are not correct.
Example III
The
plane ____ landing at the airport in five minutes.
(A) it is
(B) it
really is
(C) is
descending
(D) will be
This
sentence has a subject, plane, and
has part of verb, landing ; to be
correct, some form of the verb be is
needed to make the verb complete. Answer (A) and (B) are incorrect because the
sentence already has a subject, plane,
and does not need the extra subject it. Answer
(C) is incorrect because descending is
an extra part of verb that is unnecessary because of landing. Answer (D) is the best answer, will be together with landing
is a complete verb.
The following chart outlines the key
information that you should remember about subjects and verbs.
|
SUBJECTS AND
VERBS
|
|
A
sentence in English must have at
least one subject and one verb. The first thing you should
do as you read a sentence in the Structure section of the TOEFL test is to
find the subject and the verb.
|
EXERCISE 1 : Underline
the subjects once and the verbs twice in each of the following sentences. Then
indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
( I ) 1.
My best friend always helpful with problems.
(
C ) 2. The bus schedule has changed
since last week.
( I ) 3.
Accidentally dropped the glass on the floor.
( I ) 4.
The customer paying the clerk for the clothes.
( I ) 5.
The professor handed the syllabus to the students.
( I ) 6.
Each day practiced the piano for hours.
( C ) 7.
The basketball player tossed the ball into the hoop.
( I ) 8.
The new student in the class very talkative and friendly.
( I ) 9.
Walking with the children to school.
( C ) 10.
The whales headed south for the winter.
SKILL
2 : OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS
An
object of a preposition is a noun or a pronoun that comes after a preposition
such as in, at, of, to, by, behind, and
on to form a prepositional pharase.
The trip ( to the island
) (on Saturday) will last (for
three hours).
This sentence contains
three objects of prepositions.Island is
the object of the preposition to ; Saturday is the object of the
preposition on ; hours is the object of the preposition for.
An object of a preposition can cause confusion in the
Structure section of the TOEFL test because it can be mistaken for the subject
of a sentence.
Example
To
Mike ____ was a big surprise.
(A) really
(B) the party
(C) funny
(D) when
In this example, you
should look first for the subject and the verb. You should notice the verb was and should also notice that there is
no subject. Do no think that Mike is
the subject; Mike is the object of
the preposition to, and one noun
cannot be both a subject and an object at the same time. Because a subject is
needed in this sentence, answer (B), the
party, is the best answer. Answer (A), (C), and (D) are not correct because
they cannot be subjects.
The
following chart outlines the key information that you should remember about
objects of prepositions.
|
OBJECTS OF
PREPOSITIONS
|
|
A
preposition is followed by a noun
or pronoun that is called an object of
the preposition. If a word is an object of a preposition, it is not the subject.
|
|
NOTE
: A list of prepositions and exercises to practice recognizing these
prepositions can be found in Appendix B at the back of the text. You may want
to complete these exercise before continuing with Exercise 2.
|
EXERCISE 2 : Each
of the following sentences contains one or more prepositional pharases.
Underline the subjects once and the verb twice. Circle the prepositional
pharases that come before the verb. Then indcate if the sentences are correct
(C) or incorrect (I).
(
C ) 1. The name of the babby in the
crib is Jack.
(
I ) 2. By the next meeting of the
class need to turn in the papers.
(
I ) 3. The directions to the exercise
on page 20 unclear.
(
C ) 4. Because of the heavy rain
throughout the night, the walkways are muddy.
(
I ) 5. During the weak eat lunch in
the scholl cafetaria.
(
I ) 6. In the morning after the
concert was tired.
(
C) 7. In the summer the trip to the
mountains is our favorite trip.
(
I ) 8. In a box on the top shelf of
the cabinet in the hallway of the house.
(
I ) 9. With her purse in her hand ran
through the door.
(
C ) 10. At 1:00 in the morning the
alarm clock on the table beside the bed rang.
TOEFL EXERCISE (Skills 1-2) : Choose
the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence.
1. Mark
Twain ____ the years after the Civil War the “Gilded Age.”
(A) called
(B) calling
(C) he called
(D) his calls
2. Early
____ toes instead of hooves on their feet.
(A) horses
(B) had horses
(C) horses had
(D) horses having
3. ____
grow close to the ground in the short Arctic summer.
(A) Above tundra plants
(B) Tundra plants
(C) Tundra plants are found
(D) For tundra plants
4. In
1867, _____ Alaska from the Russians for $7.2 million.
(A) purchased the United States
(B) to purchase the United States
(C) the United States purchase of
(D) the United States purchased
5. Between
1725 and 1750, New England witnessed an increase in the spesialization of ____
(A) occupations
(B) occupies
(C) they occupied
(D) it occupied them
6. The
large carotid artery ____ to the main parts of the brain.
(A) carrying blood
(B) blood is carried
(C) carries blood
(D) blood carries
7. ____
radio as the first practical system of wireless telegraphy.
(A) Marconi’s development
(B) The development by Marconi
(C) Developing Marconi
(D) Marconi developed
8. In
1975, the first successful space probe to ____ beginning to send information
back to Earth.
(A) Venus
(B) Venus the
(C) Venus was
(D) Venus it was
9. The
two biggest resort ____ Arkansas are Hot Springs and Eureka Springs.
(A) in
(B) towns in
(C) towns are
(D) towns are in
10. NASA’s
Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center ____ control center for the Mercury, Gemini, and
Apollo space flights.
(A) it was at the
(B) it was the
(C) was the
(D) the
Sumber
:
Phillips,
Deborah. LONGMAN (Introductory Course For The TOEFL Test) : Pearson Education
